Conditions

KIDNEY FAILURE

Kidney failure refers to loss of kidney function. Acute renal failure refers to sudden and temporary loss of kidney function. Chronic renal failure refers to slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in permanent kidney failure. People with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. Otherwise the body retains extra fluid and harmful wastes build up.

	Causes

The commonest causes of kidney failure are diabetes, high blood pressure and inflammation of the kidneys called glomerulonephritis. Other common causes are polycystic kidney disease, repeated kidney infections (pyelonephritis) and obstruction to the urine flow from kidney stones.

	SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

• Changes in urination (can be more or less often), increased night-time urine production
• Urine may be bubbly or foamy
• Swelling of the legs
• Tiredness and loss of energy
• Lacking interest in everyday activities; difficulty in concentrating or relaxing
• Itching
• Altered taste sensation/appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Shortness of breath
• Loss of libido/sex drive

	Investigations

A combination of blood pressure measurement, urine protein level, serum creatinine level and creatinine clearance are some important tests. Ultrasound of the kidneys and kidney biopsy may be necessary.

	Treatment

If both kidneys stop working completely, Dialysis or Kidney Transplantation is indicated.